TY  - JOUR
AV  - public
VL  - 11
KW  - Mathematical shapes
KW  -  Transfer learning
KW  -  Deep learning
KW  -  Computer vision
TI  - Novel transfer learning approach for hand drawn mathematical geometric shapes classification
UR  - http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.2652
A1  - Alam, Aneeza
A1  - Raza, Ali
A1  - Thalji, Nisrean
A1  - Abualigah, Laith
A1  - Garay, Helena
A1  - Alemany Iturriaga, Josep
A1  - Ashraf, Imran
SN  - 2376-5992
JF  - PeerJ Computer Science
Y1  - 2025/01//
ID  - uninipr16760
N2  - Hand-drawn mathematical geometric shapes are geometric figures, such as circles, triangles, squares, and polygons, sketched manually using pen and paper or digital tools. These shapes are fundamental in mathematics education and geometric problem-solving, serving as intuitive visual aids for understanding complex concepts and theories. Recognizing hand-drawn shapes accurately enables more efficient digitization of handwritten notes, enhances educational tools, and improves user interaction with mathematical software. This research proposes an innovative machine learning algorithm for the automatic classification of mathematical geometric shapes to identify and interpret these shapes from handwritten input, facilitating seamless integration with digital systems. We utilized a benchmark dataset of mathematical shapes based on a total of 20,000 images with eight classes circle, kite, parallelogram, square, rectangle, rhombus, trapezoid, and triangle. We introduced a novel machine-learning algorithm CnN-RFc that uses convolution neural networks (CNN) for spatial feature extraction and the random forest classifier for probabilistic feature extraction from image data. Experimental results illustrate that using the CnN-RFc method, the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM) algorithm surpasses state-of-the-art approaches with high accuracy scores of 98% for hand-drawn shape classification. Applications of the proposed mathematical geometric shape classification algorithm span various domains, including education, where it enhances interactive learning platforms and provides instant feedback to students.
ER  -